{"id":2101,"date":"2024-08-23T16:04:14","date_gmt":"2024-08-23T16:04:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/aurorasaurudev.wpengine.com\/?p=2101"},"modified":"2024-08-27T15:42:48","modified_gmt":"2024-08-27T15:42:48","slug":"listening-for-the-sound-of-aurora-in-the-historical-record","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.aurorasaurus.org\/?p=2101","title":{"rendered":"Listening for the sound of aurora\u2014in the historical record"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_2108\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2108\" style=\"width: 210px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.aurorasaurus.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/b6Gvacnt_400x400-1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2108\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.aurorasaurus.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/b6Gvacnt_400x400-1.jpg\" alt=\"A blonde white woman in a red and white dotted dress stands smiling in the shade of trees\" width=\"210\" height=\"184\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2108\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Fiona Amery<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A question we often get is \u201cdoes the aurora make sound?\u201d Observers sometimes note a crackling, rustling, whooshing, or similar noise when they watch aurora, but there has not been a lot of conclusive scientific study and anecdotal reports can be met with skepticism in the scientific community. In this blog post, we dive into the historical aspects of the question by summarizing the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Notes and Records (Royal Society Journal of the History of Science) <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">open access paper \u201c<\/span><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/10.1098\/rsnr.2021.0031\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The disputed sound of the aurora borealis<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: sensing liminal noise during the First and Second International Polar Years, 1882\u20133 and 1932\u20133\u201d by aurora historian (and Aurorasaurus Ambassador) Dr. Fiona Amery of the University of Cambridge.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This paper discusses the late nineteenth and early twentieth century debate as to whether the apparent sound of the aurora, recorded by residents of northern latitudes and a small number of auroral researchers alike, was imagined, illusory, or objective. For decades it was a highly contentious issue, one that divided opinion, provoked lively discussion, and puzzled those who were enthralled by the mystery (Amery 2022, p. 6).<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The piece is interesting, not only in how it records the history of studying auroral sound\u2014\u201climinal\u201d here means noises on the edge of perception\u2014but in how people\u2019s bodies were used as sensors, and how collaborations between professional scientists and participatory scientists have evolved over time. At the end, we\u2019ll discuss modern participatory approaches too.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Setting the Scene<\/span><\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_2102\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2102\" style=\"width: 559px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.aurorasaurus.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IPY-1Stations.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2102\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.aurorasaurus.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IPY-1Stations.png\" alt=\"A map of the arctic centered on the North Pole shows 13 research stations scattered across the Arctic. \" width=\"559\" height=\"465\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.aurorasaurus.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IPY-1Stations.png 559w, https:\/\/blog.aurorasaurus.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IPY-1Stations-300x250.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 559px) 100vw, 559px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2102\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map of First IPY research sites from International Polar Year <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/classic.ipy.org\/development\/history.htm\">website<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fifty years apart, two innovative, international scientific efforts called <\/span><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/classic.ipy.org\/development\/history.htm\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">International Polar Years<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (IPYs) used a Western scientific perspective to learn more about Earth\u2019s remote Arctic and Antarctic polar regions and the meteorology, geomagnetism, atmospheric electricity, ocean currents, and aurora there. They were multidisciplinary efforts that enabled scientific research at the poles on many topics, only one of which was auroral sound, which was \u201cconsidered peripheral to the primary visual investigation of the phenomenon.\u201d (Amery 2022, p.6)<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>The First International Polar Year<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, from 1882-1883, was a collaboration between 12 countries, with 12 research stations in the Arctic and two in the Antarctic. Researchers mostly gathered auroral data by making sketches and taking notes in logbooks.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>The Second International Polar Year<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, from 1932-1933, was a collaboration between 44 countries, with 27 Arctic research stations and none in the Antarctic due to the financial restrictions of the Great Depression. Researchers gathered auroral data by taking photos and using <\/span><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/svs.gsfc.nasa.gov\/12956\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">spectroscopy<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in addition to extensive logs.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">During both International Polar Years, researchers used similar approaches to gathering data about auroral sound: they listened carefully at their research stations and surveyed people who lived in northern latitudes. This was an example of the scientific community beginning to recognize the human body as a sophisticated sensor\u2014something that we apply today in participatory science. Amery suggests that \u201cthe body, and more specifically the western male body, was perceived as an inherently useful instrument, even within the culture of precision technology which pervaded the atmospheric sciences of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries\u201d (Amery 2022, p.9). Amery\u2019s \u201cembodied approach\u201d to the history of northern lights research has not before appeared within the IPY literature or within wider histories of polar exploration.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The First International Polar Year (1882-1883)<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Scientists were very interested in learning about sound and hearing around the time of the First IPY. In fact, Edison\u2019s early recording device, the <\/span><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=wRTgl0qx6wE\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">phonograph cylinder,<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> was patented just two years before! With wax cylinders and records becoming commercially available in the 1880s, for the first time people were able to hear recordings of sounds made in the past.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Before the First IPY, the relationship between auroras and solar activity was still <\/span><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/hgss.copernicus.org\/articles\/3\/53\/2012\/hgss-3-53-2012.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">not established<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Most scientists generally did not believe reports of auroral sounds and theorized that the phenomenon might be psychological. They also felt that the unfamiliarity of polar environments made gathering data unreliable. However, they were willing to rely on other trained scientists, who \u201cwould sit alone in silence for hours on end within either an auroral observational shelter, most commonly made from earth and corrugated iron, or a more permanent hut among the meteorological and magnetic instruments, watching, listening, and waiting for the aurora\u201d (Amery 2022, p.10).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_2103\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2103\" style=\"width: 500px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.aurorasaurus.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/rsnr20210031f02.gif\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2103\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.aurorasaurus.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/rsnr20210031f02.gif\" alt=\"Black and white image shows five bands of aurora stretching upward from the mountainous horizon at the bottom center.\" width=\"500\" height=\"373\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2103\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Adam Paulsen, \u2018Aurora (multiple rayed-bands) observed to South-West from Godthaab on 15 November 1882 at 00h 30m\u2019, from Amery 2022, p.13.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Danish schoolteacher Sophus Tromholt did take reports of auroral sound seriously; his father had written about hearing a sound like rubbing two pieces of paper together, and had even published a paper, which was unusual for an amateur. Tromholt himself never heard auroral sound, even during his own IPY research station post in <\/span><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.visitnorway.com\/places-to-go\/northern-norway\/land-of-sami\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kautokeino<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, Norway. However, during a time when scientists were trying to move away from human observation toward more \u201cobjective\u201d machines, Tromholt conducted what might be considered early participatory science. Two years after the IPY, he sent thousands of letters across Norway to ask whether residents had heard auroral sound. Of the 114 survey responses he received, 92 believed in auroral sounds, 53 said they had heard auroral sounds, 39 quoted someone else who had heard auroral sounds, 21 said they had never heard auroral sounds, and 31 did not express a definite view. Many of the responses described quiet sounds on the edge of hearing: whizzing, crackling, or hissing. Tromholt also worked on early calculations of auroral altitude, which turned out to be so high up that <\/span><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/ndl.ethernet.edu.et\/bitstream\/123456789\/68250\/1\/42.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">sound<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> would not be able to reach the ground. However, not everyone accepted Tromholt\u2019s results. Even though so many people reported experiential knowledge, professional scientists overall remained skeptical.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Across the world in Canada, Major Henry Dawson was leading a British expedition at Fort Rae, now <\/span><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tlicho.ca\/community\/behchoko\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Behchok\u01eb\u0300<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, on the northern part of Great Slave Lake in Northwest Territories, Canada. While in most of his IPY logbook he noted no instances of auroral sound, he did record hearing it once, describing it as being like the sound of wind in a ship\u2019s rigging. This was considered by Irish astronomer Agnes Mary Clarke to be the first \u201cconfirmed\u201d observation of auroral sound. Amery argues that \u201cbelievability was contingent on a particular body, that of a masculine Victorian explorer, only temporarily inhabiting the high-latitude region, with a rigorous regime of observations\u201d (Amery 2002, p.14). Even with Dawson\u2019s report, however, since no other official IPY researchers heard auroral sound, the scientific debate did not shift.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Second International Polar Year (1932-1933)<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">By the Second IPY, auroral height and photography were more well established, but auroral sound was still a hot topic for debate. One of the topics that <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">researchers<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> like Sydney Chapman hoped to learn more about was the <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/127341a0.pdf\">connection<\/a> between what they considered possible unusually low-altitude auroras and auroral sound. This time, they brought more tools: special aurora cameras, an atlas with instructions for how to take scientific aurora photos, and spectroscopy instruments. However, even with advancements in audio technology they did not bring recording equipment; they still planned to record any auroral sounds using their own ears.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_2104\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2104\" style=\"width: 500px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.aurorasaurus.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/rsnr20210031f03.gif\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2104\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.aurorasaurus.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/rsnr20210031f03.gif\" alt=\"An old-timey black and white photo of two white men in sturdy clothes leaning on a barrel outside a sod building\" width=\"500\" height=\"475\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2104\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u2018Balfour Currie and John Rae at Fort Sik Sik, a sod hut used for auroral observation twenty miles from the main Chesterfield Base.\u2019 University of Saskatchewan Archives, from Amery 2022, p.17.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Like Tromholt in Norway during the First IPY, Canadian meteorologist Balfour Currie and a colleague sent an auroral sound survey to the residents of Chesterfield Inlet, also named <\/span><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/chesterfield-inlet.ca\/about-us\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Igluligaarjuk<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, in Canada.\u00a0 They separated answers from First Nations and white residents, lending more credence to reports from white people. However, members of every group they surveyed reported hearing auroral sound. The researchers found no correlation between reports of sound and low-altitude auroras, but a very strong correlation between reports of sound and rapidly moving, overhead auroras. A 1933 project from the Dominion Astrophysical Observatory in British Columbia collected 141 similar reports. While Currie himself never heard auroral sound, a younger member of his expedition did report hearing sounds.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In 1933 the editor of <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Shetland News<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in Scotland asked for local and international reports of auroral sound, and published many of the replies. One submission was from Scalloway amateur astronomer Clement J. Williamson, who remembered hearing a continuous, swishing sound one night in October 1926. Despite being an amateur, Williamson corresponded with a number of scientists about auroral sound, including Norwegian aurora scientist <\/span><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.aurorasaurus.org\/?p=891\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Carl St\u00f8rmer<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, British geophysicist <\/span><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.alaska.edu\/uajourney\/notable-people\/fairbanks\/sydney-chapman\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sydney Chapman<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and British meteorologist George Clark Simpson. St\u00f8rmer was influential at this time, and participated in the Second IPY. While he did not directly investigate sound, he had <\/span><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/119045b0\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">published<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> earlier on the topic and influenced Williamson. In his letters, Williamson and others debated some of the major questions for a scientific explanation of auroral sound:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Could auroral sounds be psychological? Williamson argued that if that were so, they should happen with every aurora, not just the most active displays.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The aurora is so high in altitude that at the speed of sound, could noises reach the ground fast enough to sync with the display? As explained in <\/span><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/ndl.ethernet.edu.et\/bitstream\/123456789\/68250\/1\/42.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Egeland and Burke<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2019s modern book on St\u00f8rmer, \u201cSound waves propagate at a speed of about 340 m\/s. This means that an audible sound wave would need minimum 400 s to propagate from the aurorae to the ground. The sound would be delayed by more than 6 min when compared to the visible light signal. Sound and visible aurorae cannot vary in phase with each other\u201d (p.106). Williamson\u2019s discussion also turned to whether auroras could reach very low altitudes to begin with.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Overall, at the end of the Second IPY, auroral sound was still unresolved, setting the stage for a conversation that continues to the present day.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What could cause auroral sound?<\/span><\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_2105\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2105\" style=\"width: 500px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.aurorasaurus.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/rsnr20210031f04.gif\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2105 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.aurorasaurus.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/rsnr20210031f04.gif\" alt=\"In a black and white photo, the aurora stretches from the bottom of the image to the top in curved white featherlike wisps\" width=\"500\" height=\"492\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2105\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photograph by Carl St\u00f8rmer in \u2018The Aurora of October 15, 1926, in Norway and Sounds Associated with it\u2019, Nature 119 (1927).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Even now, despite being widely documented in experiential reports, the puzzle of auroral sound is not entirely explained from a Western heliophysics perspective. There are several theories:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In his 1923 paper, \u2018<\/span><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/full\/1923JRASC..17..273C\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Audibility of the Aurora<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2019, Canadian astronomer Clarence Chant proposed that auroral sound might be similar to a <\/span><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/shorts\/8gubf1UvsyA\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">brush discharge<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, also called a <\/span><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=KjV2RHkubXQ\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">corona discharge<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: \u201cthe motion of the lights alters the earth\u2019s magnetic field and induces changes in the electrification of the atmosphere, even at a significant distance. This electrification produces a crackling sound much closer to the earth\u2019s surface, with transduction occurring in the observer\u2019s clothes or spectacles or possibly in surrounding objects including fir trees or the cladding of buildings.\u2026Chant\u2019s theory correlated well with many accounts of auroral sound, and the theory is also supported by occasional reports of the smell of ozone accompanying northern lights displays\u201d (Amery 2022, p.22).\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In 1927, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">prominent aurora scientist <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Carl St\u00f8rme<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">r <\/span><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/119045b0\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">suggested<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> something similar: that auroral sounds could be electrostatic discharges in the surrounding environment, including trees and antennae.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In 1973, S. M. Silverman and T. F. Taun published \u2018Auroral audibility\u2019, in <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Advances in Geophysics<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> which looked at previous reports of auroral sound and agreed with Chant that brush\/corona discharges were the likely explanation.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In 2022, Unto Laine of Aalto University in Finland <\/span><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/359861885_Sound_producing_mechanism_in_the_temperature_inversion_layer_and_its_sensitivity_to_geomagnetic_activity\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">proposed<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that one possible cause could be discharges like brush\/corona discharges electrically induced in a \u201ctemperature inversion layer\u201d low in the atmosphere.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The aurora also inspires sound in a different way: through the composition of music. Latvian composer \u0112riks E\u0161envalds composed a piece called <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Northern Lights<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that included late 19th-century journal extracts from American explorer Charles F. Hall and Norwegian explorer Fridtjof Nansen:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><center><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"YouTube video player\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/I0BrEaLgq7A?si=85ZNFyo1KORhU9Hq\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/center>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In 2020, BBC Radio 3 broadcast \u2018<\/span><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/programmes\/m000qhj3\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Between the ears: songs of the sky<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2019, by biologist Karin Lehmkuhl Bodony, and composer Matthew Burtner, both from Alaska. They translated very low frequency (VLF) radio recordings of the northern lights to sound waves within human hearing, pairing the sounds with personal experiences\u2014including a father-daughter camping trip with radio equipment\u2014as well as tellings by Alaska Native elders, who share knowledge about the Northern Lights.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Looking ahead<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Amery concludes by discussing the importance of the human body and individual experience as a sensor in investigating auroral sound. She notes that\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The credibility of auroral sound reports hinged on both the perceived trustworthiness of observers and their conformity with the growing literature on the topic. It was the knowledge produced from IPY expedition members, temporary male inhabitants of the land, which was trusted with verifying the accuracy of local testimony. Although sought through surveys and calls for letters to the press, the experiences of local individuals were devalued, even when together they represented a significant and corroborated body of evidence (Amery 2022, p.25).<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">While participatory science was heavily used to investigate auroral sound, researchers in the early 20th century trusted their own ears as sensors. Even 50 years after the First IPY, Second IPY researchers did not bring new, advanced recording equipment, and seem to have trusted the First IPY methods of using bodies as sensors for auroral sound, hoping to expand their data using this method.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">At Aurorasaurus, we primarily practice within Western science tradition, so it\u2019s especially important for us to be aware of and thoughtful about the ways in which our predecessors conducted formal and participatory science. We appreciated reading this paper not only for documentation of the historical scientific approach, but as one way of learning about the past so that we can do better in the future. We are grateful to be part of a newer participatory science <\/span><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/participatorysciences.org\/about\/values\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">movement<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that works hard to equitably involve multiple ways of knowing, and which seeks deeper understanding by working toward ethical, reciprocal collaboration. Both <\/span><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/eclipsesoundscapes.org\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Eclipse Soundscapes<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and Heliophysics Audified: Resonances in Plasmas (<\/span><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/listen.spacescience.org\/aboutHARP.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">HARP<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">) have different approaches to collecting and sonifying data in ways that are more accessible than has been typical in the past.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/iasc.info\/cooperations\/international-polar-year-2032-33\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fifth International Polar Year<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is coming up in 2032-2033, and its <\/span><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/iasc.info\/images\/IPY\/Initial_IPY_Concept_Note_-_Version_October_2023.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">principles<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> reflect a similar evolution from the First and Second in respecting multiple Ways of Knowing and co-creating plans with Indigenous communities. There may be opportunities to approach this topic in a good way, weaving Western and Indigenous knowledges in a multidisciplinary approach that leads to learning.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dr Liz says:<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I thought it was cool how some of the scientists\u2014St\u00f8rmer and Tromholt, in particular\u2014seemed to take auroral sounds very seriously, even though they had not personally heard them and the implausibility of producing sound presented major scientific problems. Like Amery, I found it interesting but perhaps not surprising that little progress was made on this topic. However, I think that might have more to do with auroral sound being more of a secondary question without good protocols or instrumentation for collecting data. Even today among scientists, the feeling persists that auroral sound has resisted efforts to study it; it is rare and when scientists do go out on short campaigns with sensitive equipment, they may simply miss it. There are just too many anecdotal reports to be ignored, but a complete theory that strongly correlates with geomagnetic activity is still an open field of research. I feel like in our modern world, quiet places where people could document auroral sound are becoming even more rare, but a participatory science approach that is fully inclusive of people in remote places could be promising, with appropriate effort toward relationship-building.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Have you heard a noise associated with the aurora? Please include these kinds of observations under \u201cNotes\u201d when you make Aurorasaurus reports. It is important to note your exact time and location of course, and in addition, the weather, proximity to power lines, a recording if available, and how many observers in the group reported sound. Ideally multiple events with completely independent observers would document sound at around the same time and region. It would be exciting to be part of solving the mystery of auroral sound!<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reference:\u00a0<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Amery Fiona. 2022 The disputed sound of the aurora borealis: sensing liminal noise during the First and Second International Polar Years, 1882\u20133 and 1932\u20133. Notes Rec.765\u201326. http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsnr.2021.0031<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A question we often get is \u201cdoes the aurora make sound?\u201d Observers sometimes note a crackling, rustling, whooshing, or similar noise when they watch aurora, but there has not been a lot of conclusive scientific study and anecdotal reports can be met with skepticism in the scientific community. In this blog post, we dive into&hellip;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/blog.aurorasaurus.org\/?p=2101\" rel=\"bookmark\">Read More &raquo;<span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Listening for the sound of aurora\u2014in the historical record<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2103,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"rop_custom_images_group":[],"rop_custom_messages_group":[],"rop_publish_now":"initial","rop_publish_now_accounts":[],"rop_publish_now_history":[],"rop_publish_now_status":"pending","neve_meta_sidebar":"","neve_meta_container":"","neve_meta_enable_content_width":"off","neve_meta_content_width":70,"neve_meta_title_alignment":"","neve_meta_author_avatar":"","neve_post_elements_order":"","neve_meta_disable_header":"","neve_meta_disable_footer":"","neve_meta_disable_title":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[22,20,21,23,28],"class_list":["post-2101","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-arctic","tag-auroras","tag-citizen-science","tag-northern-lights","tag-science"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.aurorasaurus.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2101","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.aurorasaurus.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.aurorasaurus.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.aurorasaurus.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.aurorasaurus.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2101"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/blog.aurorasaurus.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2101\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.aurorasaurus.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/2103"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.aurorasaurus.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2101"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.aurorasaurus.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2101"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.aurorasaurus.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2101"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}